Notes

Steps of the Scientific Method 1. Observation (observe): use one or all of the 5 senses to find characteristics of an object. 2. Hypothesis: an educated guess using an If/Then statement 3. Experiment: a test of your hypothesis 4. Variables: anything in an experiment that can be changed Types of variables: Independent: What the scientist changes Dependent: What the outcome of the experiment is Constant: The things that you keep the same 5. Control Experiment: What we compare our experiment to, the normal experiment 6. Analyze: organize data and find out what it tells you 7. Data: information, usually numbers 8. Conclusion: sum up everything you did and what you learned 9. The Scientific Method: a series of steps that help us find an answer to a question, do not have to do all the steps every time or in order 10. Science: understanding the world and everything in, around and on it, how it works and why it does what it does 11. Theory: a hypothesis that has been tested ALOT and so far is correct. 12. Model: Something smaller or larger than the original object 13. Generalize: to make a general statement about something, it can apply to a lot of things 14. Measure: to find out characteristics of something using tools 15. Evidence: facts that prove a point/hypothesis 16. Infer: to guess at something using what you know 17. Compare: to see how two or more things are similar 18. Predict: to guess at something using facts 19. Interpret: to figure out what something is telling you 20. Relate: to see how something compares to something else 21. Calculate: to use numbers and math to figure out an answer 22. Describe: to tell about the characteristics of an object 23. Classify: to group items according to similarities 24. Technology: using science to create something that improves how we live 25.Tentative: not for sure

- How to write a correct conclusion

Matter: Anything that has mass, volume, and density Atom: the smallest particle of matter that behaves like matter Molecule: two or more atoms put together Compound: Two or more different elements Element: a certain type of atom Solid: has a definite shape and volume Liquid: Has a definite volume but no shape Gas: doesn't have a definite shape or volume Particle: a piece of something

Mass: how many atoms are in an object Weight: mass + gravity Volume: How much space something takes up Density: How compact something is, how much mass per volume Density =Mass/Volume The density of water = 1.0 g/mL __**Units:**__
 * Mass** - g (grams)
 * Volume** - mL (milliliters) or cm 3 (centimeters cubed)
 * Density** - g/mL (grams per milliliters) or g/cm 3 (grams per centimeter cubed)

__Solids - How to find__ Mass - TBB Volume - LxWxH or Water displacement Density - M/V __Liquids - How to find__ Mass - (Mass of Graduated cylinder + liquid) - (Mass of graduated cylinder) Volume - graduated cylinder Density - M/V

Buouyancy: how things float Neutral buoyancy: neither sinks or floats Positive buoyancy: floats Negative buoyancy: sinks

Temperature: a measure of how fast particles move Heat energy: the ability to conduct heat Diffusion: the movement of particles from high to low concentration



1. Eyepiece with ocular lens (10x) 2. Body Tube 3. Arm 4. Coarse Focus 5. Fine Focus 6. Base 7. Revolving Nosepiece 8. Objective Lenses (10x, 20x, 40x) 9. Stage Clips 10. Stage 11. Diaphragm 12. Light Source
 * Microscope Parts**



Osmosis: spreading of water from high water concentration to low water concentration through a membrane

CELLS make TISSUES which make ORGANS which make ORGAN SYSTEMS which make ORGANISMS

Organs: Heart, Veins, Arteries (Blood Vessels) Tissues: Blood, Muscle Tissue Cells: White Blood Cells, Red Blood Cells, Muscle Cells
 * Circulatory System: pumps blood throughout body **

Organs: Lungs, Nose, Trachea, Diaphragm Tissues: Lung Tissue (Alveoli), cartilage tissue, muscle tissue Cells: Lung cells, cartilage cells, muscle cells
 * Respiratory System: puts oxygen into blood, gets rid of carbon dioxide **

Organs: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Liver, Pancreas, Gall bladder Tissues: Muscle Tissue, Intestinal Tissue, Liver Tissue, Pancreatic Tissue, Gall Bladder Tissue Cells: Muscle cells, Intestinal cells, Liver cells, Pancreatic cells, Gall bladder cells
 * Digestive System: breaks down food to get nutrients, gets rid of solid waste **

Organs: Kidneys, Ureter, Bladder Tissues: Nephrons, Ureter Tissues, Bladder Tissues Cells: Kidney cells, Ureter cells, Bladder cells
 * Urinary System: gets rid of liquid waste **

Organs: Bones Tissues: Bone Tissue Cells: Bone Cells
 * Skeletal System: gets shape of body **

Organs: Muscles Tissues: Muscle Tissue Cells: Muscle Cells
 * Muscular System: lets body move **

Organs: Brain, Spinal Chord, Nerves Tissues: Brain Tissue (gray matter), Nervous Tissue Cells: Brain cells, Neurons
 * Nervous System: Controls everything that body does **


 * Immune System: fights off foreign invaders and heals damage **

Acquired traits: traits that we learn or get from environment Inherited traits: traits we get from parents through DNA

Sexual Reproduction: an offspring is created from two parents, not the same as either parent Asexual Reproduction: an offspring is created from one parent, identical to parent Offspring: the result of reproduction

Adaptations: a trait that helps with survival and is passed on through reproduction. Three types of adaptations: 1. Environmental adaptations: caused by the environment, the ones that don't have the trait die and the only ones that reproduce are the ones with the trait so over 1,000s of years the trait becomes better and more and more common in a population. 2. Manmade adaptations by accident: Humans accidently cause adaptations by changed the environment and decided who survives. 3. Manmade adaptations on purpose: Humans purposefully create the adaptations by breeding hoping to get good traits that will create money.

Classification: grouping things according to similarities, lots of different ways Living things: Made of cells, grow, reproduce, eat, get rid of wastes, use energy, exchange gases Dead things:Made of cells, do nothing Nonliving things: Made of atoms, do nothing



How to make a classification key: First step - divide all objects into two groups Then take each group and divide it into two groups and keep going till all objects are classified separately.

Cells - Tissues - Systems - Organism - Species - Genus - Family - Order - Class - Phylum - Kingdom